SITTWE, Myanmar – The captain of the small fishing vessel has spent most of his life helping fellow Rohingya Muslims escape persecution and hatred in Myanmar, but now even he is worried about the panicked pace the exodus has taken in recent weeks.
"Everyone is going now," Puton Nya said. "I'm afraid that soon, no one will be left."
Bouts of vicious violence, together with discriminatory government policies, have sent an estimated 100,000 Rohingya fleeing this Buddhist-majority nation by boat in the last two years, according to the Arakan Project, a human-rights group that monitors the Rohingya. Director Chris Lewa said the pace is accelerating, with more than 15,000 people leaving since Oct. 15 — twice the number that fled during the same period last year.
Lewa said soldiers and border guards in northern Rakhine state, where most of the estimated 1.3 million Rohingya live, are engaging in a "campaign to create fear and to get them to leave."
She said that in the last six weeks:
— At least four Rohingya men were tortured to death in northern Rakhine, in western Myanmar. Lewa said security forces broke one victim's leg and burned his penis during interrogation, and that the pummeled body of another Rohingya was found in a river.
— Young men have been grabbed off the streets and brutally beaten by border guards and soldiers without any clear explanation. One photo snapped by cellphone shows a man after he was allegedly smashed with the butt of a gun in the jaw, cheekbone and stomach.
— More than 140 people have been arrested in two dozen villages on what Lewa said appeared to be trumped-up charges, ranging from immigration violations to alleged links with Islamic militants.
National Minister of Information Ye Htut did not immediately respond to the allegations.
Denied citizenship by national law, Myanmar's Rohingya are effectively stateless, though historical records indicate some members of the ethnic minority arrived in the country centuries ago. Many more arrived from neighboring Bangladesh in the 1900s when the country was under British rule. Almost all settled in Rakhine state, creating tensions with Buddhist locals who for centuries considered it their duty to prevent an eastward Islamic spread into their nation and beyond.
Soon after Myanmar began transitioning from a half-century of dictatorship to democracy in 2011, newfound freedoms of expression fanned the flames of hatred. Violence by Buddhist mobs left up to 280 people dead — most of them members of the religious minority — and chased another 140,000 from their homes.
Most Rohingya now live under apartheid-like conditions in camps outside Sittwe or in restricted villages. They cannot leave without paying hefty bribes to police and face constant threats of violence from Buddhist Rakhine neighbors.
Often, their proximity to their old homes is "tantalizingly short," Hugo Slim of Oxford University said in a report for the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Many are just a few hundred meters from the fields they used to till, the schools their children used to attend, and the communities that attacked them.
Rohingya have limited access to schooling and health care. Doctors Without Borders, a key medical provider for Rohingya, was expelled from Rakhine eight months ago after the government accused it of bias. The government said in July that the group could return, but it has yet to make good on its invitation. Rakhine state spokesman Win Myaing said the organization will be allowed to return "soon," but offered no clear timeline.
President Barack Obama, U.N. Secretary-General Ban ki-Moon and several other heavyweights visiting Myanmar last week for a series of summits called on the government to solve the crisis. The government has put forward a "Rakhine Action Plan," but that also has drawn criticism.
Under the plan, only those who can prove they lived in the country since 1948 can qualify for citizenship. Few can fulfill the requirement, in part because few hold any documents. Those who don't comply would be classified as "Bengali," a term that implies they are illegal migrants and could subject them to internment camps and eventual deportation.
Now Rohingya are leaving the country in numbers rarely seen before, bound for countries including Malaysia and Indonesia. Many pass through Myin Hlut village, where they hide in houses before wading into the midnight waters and clamoring into fishing boats.
Shabu Kuna, 23, watched Rohingya from every corner of Rakhine state make that journey from the dark, tiny hut she shared with her ailing mother, her unemployed father, her younger sister, brothers and several nieces and nephews. Then she decided to join them.
"I can't stand living here anymore," she said before leaving in September. She said she is aware of the risks — including being held for ransom in a jungle camp, sold into the sex trade, or beaten or killed — but that nothing could be worse than staying in Myanmar.
The escalation of the exodus has left Puton Nya, the boat captain, gripped with sorrow and guilt — both by the numbers of Rohingya leaving and by the way many of them are treated at sea. The 59-year-old is among many captains who have ferried Rohingya from the rocky shore of Rakhine state to giant ships bobbing in the Bay of Bengal.
A neighbor of Puton Nya made the trip and later told him that the brokers — who like the vast majority in the smuggling racket are Rohingya — were raping women on the giant cargo boats and brutally beating the men.
"I felt so disgusted," said the captain, whose once-dark hair is now streaked with gray, and his strong face is deeply lined by his many years on ships beneath the tropical sun.
He said he has stopped hauling people to the ships as the numbers started to swell several months ago, even though it was his sole means of income.
He understands why so many people are fleeing, and says he, his wife and son might one day follow. With each departure, he says, those left behind become more vulnerable.
"I don't know how we are going to stand on our own," he said.
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Associated Press reporter Robin McDowell contributed to this report from Yangon, Myanmar.
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