At his first birthday, John Klor couldn't sit up on his own. A few months later, he was cruising like any healthy toddler — thanks to a special diet that's treating the North Carolina boy's mysterious disease.
What doctors initially called cerebral palsy instead was a rare metabolic disorder assaulting his brain and muscles, yet one that's treatable if caught in time.
Urged by John's family, Duke University researchers are working on a way to test newborns for this disease, called GAMT deficiency. It's part of a growing movement to add some of the rarest of rare illnesses — with such names as bubble-boy disease, Pompe disease, Krabbe disease — to the battery of screenings given to U.S. babies hours after birth.
"There's other children out there that can be helped and be saved," says Melissa Klor, John's mother.
But just how many illnesses can that tiny spot of blood pricked from a baby's heel really turn up? And not all are treatable, so when is population-wide testing appropriate?
"Families go through these odysseys of diagnosis" to learn what's wrong with a child, says Dr. Alan Fleischman of the March of Dimes, who's part of a government advisory committee studying what to add to the national screening list. Often, "they argue that they would have been better off knowing even if there were no treatments."
Since 2004, specialists have urged that every U.S. newborn be tested for 29 rare but devastating genetic diseases, using that single heel-prick of blood, to catch the fraction who need fast treatment to avoid retardation, severe illness, even death. States gradually adopted those recommendations, and federal health officials say the testing catches about 5,000 babies a year with disorders ranging from sickle cell anemia to maple syrup urine disease and others with such tongue-twisting names that they go by acronyms like LCHAD.
John Klor's illness is too new for that list.
By the time her son was 6 months old, Melissa Klor knew something was wrong. John missed developmental milestones, unable to sit, stop his head from wobbling, or babble. He regressed, quitting rolling over. He stared blankly for moments at a time, a kind of mini-seizure.
A neurologist diagnosed cerebral palsy. But John never had an MRI scan to prove the diagnosis, and Klor eventually sought a second opinion. Right after John's first birthday came the news: His brain scan showed no sign of cerebral palsy, but he might have any of a number of degenerative metabolic disorders.
In a lucky break, John's blood and urine were sent to Duke's genetics laboratory for specialized testing that found he couldn't process protein correctly. John's body wasn't producing a substance called creatine that's crucial for providing energy to the brain and muscles, leading other protein metabolites to basically clog his system and damage his brain.
Creatine deficiency syndromes weren't discovered until 1994; Duke is one of the few labs able to diagnose them. Fortunately, John's version — called GAMT deficiency for the enzyme, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, that his body lacks — is treatable in the young.
Doctors ordered a vegan diet — only fruits, vegetables and specially processed pastas — with no more than 6 grams of protein daily. John drinks a formula containing creatine and other missing nutrients.
"Within days, we started to see him getting stronger," says Klor, of Pine Knoll Shores, N.C.
Today at 19 months, John runs and climbs stairs. He's starting to make sounds like "ma" but speech is coming more slowly; doctors are optimistic but make Klor no promises.
Only 40 cases of GAMT deficiency have been reported in medical journals, but Duke specialists say creatine disorders probably are underdiagnosed, with symptoms similar to other metabolic diseases. GAMT deficiency may eventually be a candidate for newborn screening, although it's not yet clear if the troublesome substances will show up in blood at birth or if a different test will be required, cautions medical geneticist David Millington. His lab is studying that now.
The work is the latest in a push to expand newborn screening:
— Within two years, Missouri and Illinois are to begin screening for five of the roughly 40 "lysosomal storage" disorders, where the microscopic recycling bins inside cells fail, allowing toxic buildup that harms different body parts. They include Pompe disease — the subject of a soon-to-be-released Harrison Ford movie — and Fabry, Gaucher, Niemann-Pick and Krabbe diseases.
Currently, New York is the only state to test newborns for a lysosomal disorder, the Krabbe disease that killed the son of former Buffalo Bills quarterback Jim Kelly. The federal government's advisers are considering adding lysosomal disorders to the national screening list, despite few treatments.
— Also under consideration for the national list is the bubble boy disease, formally known as SCID, or "severe combined immunodeficiency disease." Wisconsin is screening newborns in a closely watched experiment to see if SCID and related immune-crippling diseases can be caught in time for babies to get life-extending treatment.
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