Profiles of the Judges

Judges who ruled Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional:

Alfred T. Goodwin
Age: 78
Education: University of Oregon School of Law, 1951
Office: Pasadena, Calif.
Appointment: President Richard Nixon, 1971
Experience: Oregon Supreme Court justice

Stephen Reinhardt
Age: 71
Education: Yale Law School, 1954
Office: Los Angeles
Appointment: President Jimmy Carter, 1980
Experience: Private practice, Los Angeles

Dissenting judge:

Ferdinand F. Fernandez
Age: 65
Education: Harvard Law School, 1963
Office: Pasadena, Calif.
Appointment: President George H.W. Bush, 1989
Experience: Federal judge in Los Angeles