BEIRUT – Stitching together a broad coalition to tackle the extremist Islamic State group hinges on overcoming the reluctance of U.S. allies in the Middle East who are deeply frustrated with a White House that they believe has been naive and weak on Syria's civil war.
Key Sunni Arab states, Saudi Arabia chief among them, have wanted the U.S. to do more to provide robust support to mainstream Syrian rebels in their war against President Bashar Assad. The result is hesitation to answer President Barack Obama's call for a regional front against the Islamic State group, even though it is widely reviled.
The United States is mounting a major campaign to get allies on board. Secretary of State John Kerry will visit the region and Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel was in Turkey on Monday to lobby the NATO ally.
But it is not always an easy sell.
"Trust is so low, especially in the Gulf region, for Obama's leadership quality and the way he manages foreign policy. I don't think any country is going to put its hand up or neck out by accepting an alliance with the U.S. that easily," said Mustafa Alani, the director of the security and defense department at the Gulf Research Center in Geneva.
That is not to say that Sunni states in the region won't ultimately join the U.S. in the campaign against the extremists who have seized large swaths of Iraq and Syria, or that they don't view the militants as a threat. But it suggests, analysts say, that the U.S. will have to do some convincing — and likely enticing — to get them into the fight.
"These countries can offer a lot, but I think any cooperation here is going to be conditional," Alani said. "They are not going to jump in the pool for nothing."
U.S. allies in the Middle East are among the most threatened by the Islamic State group, whose rampage across northern and western Iraq in June rattled officials in capitals across the region. Jordan and Saudi Arabia, both of whom suddenly found Islamic State fighters on their doorstep, have dispatched military reinforcements to their borders to boost security.
On Monday, the Arab League agreed to take immediate measures, either individually or collectively, to combat the Islamic State group and other extremists on the political, defense, security and legal levels. But the member states did not explicitly back American military action.
The U.S. began conducting airstrikes last month against Islamic State fighters in Iraq in what amounts to the first American militarily action in the country since American troops left in 2011.
Obama also is weighing the prospect military action in Syria. While the U.S. is already carrying out surveillance flights over northern Syria, the president has stressed that airstrikes there are not imminent, and that if he ultimately authorizes them they would have to come in conjunction with a broader regional strategy that would tackle the political turmoil in both Syria and Iraq.
It may well be Washington's willingness to take on the long-term project of resolving Syria's intractable civil war that will prove decisive in enlisting regional allies against the Islamic State group.
Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey have been among the most vociferous opponents of Assad and most active supporters of the armed opposition seeking to overthrow him. Over the past three years, the three countries have been frustrated, sometimes furious, with Obama and his Syria policy. They point to the president's failure to enforce his own "red line" last year and bomb Syria after blaming Assad for a deadly chemical weapons attack on rebel-held areas outside Damascus. Washington's refusal to supply the rebels with sophisticated weapons — or allow others to do so — has been another source of anger.
"There is serious room for consolidated cooperation because for a long time it was U.S. reluctance to do anything that kind of ruined these relationships," said Paul Salem, vice president of the Middle East Institute in Washington, D.C. "Turkey and the Gulf countries were saying 'come on, let's do something bigger and more substantial,' while the U.S. was always dragging its feet or obstructing or saying 'yes' and then saying 'no.'"
With the U.S. previously unwilling to take the lead, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Qatar often worked at cross purposes in supporting the fractured anti-Assad camp. For these countries, the question now is whether the U.S. is serious this time.
At last week's NATO summit, Kerry pressed a group of 10 core nations to form a loose coalition to go after the Islamic State extremists. Along with the United States, the coalition comprises the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Germany, Canada, Turkey, Italy, Poland and Denmark.
Turkey, Jordan and the Gulf have a lot to offer — money, logistics, territory, intelligence, training and potentially helping arm Syrian rebels through third parties. Saudi Arabia and the UAE have advanced air forces that could take part in airstrikes, and could lend regional legitimacy to a U.S.-led aerial campaign.
Jordan and Saudi Arabia have connections with Sunni tribes that span the border of Syria and Iraq, which with consistent funding and material support could help reclaim local communities from the jihadis, analysts say.
Turkey, meanwhile, could tighten its border to prevent weapons and militants from crossing into Syria, and crack down on the smuggling of oil out of Syria — an important source of revenue for the Islamic State group. However, Turkish officials have to consider that Islamic State fighters seized 49 people at the Turkish consulate in Mosul in June, including the consul general.
Obama is to deliver a speech on Wednesday to lay out his plan for going after the extremist group. On Sunday, he emphasized that "we're going to need Sunni states to step up — not just Saudi Arabia — our partners like Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Turkey."
"They need to be involved. This is their neighborhood. The dangers that are posed are more directed at them right now than they are us," Obama said on NBC's "Meet the Press."
One strategy would see more training and weapons for Syria's mainstream opposition forces, and then using them as a ground force coordinated with air power to claw back territory from the Islamic State.
The U.S. has promised to boost support for the mainstream rebels in the past, only to eventually balk.
Salem described that strategy as "kind of rickety and a long shot," and noted that it will take time to train and equip the non-radical opposition, which has been dogged by infighting, and mold it into an effective fighting force.
"This non-radical opposition isn't terribly strong and is somewhat divided, so it's going to be a challenge," Salem said. "But if that is the strategy, I think they (the U.S.) will find Turkey, Jordan, the Gulf states would be eager to be supportive in that vein."
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